TOW (Flax)

Broken and matted fibre removed from flax during the processes of separating the line. It is used for tow yarn, twines and coarse lining fabrics for cars, upholstery, etc. The material at the disposal of the tow spinner consists of scutching tow and codillas produced in the scutching of the flax straw, and roughers', hand-dressers', machine and sorters' tow produced in the hackling of the scutched flax.

Aspirator Boll Crushers - A pair of rollers used for crushing the bolls and releasing the seed, when the bolls have been removed by combing. Bough - The seed branches of the flax plant. Cavings - The reject arising from the bottom riddle of a roughing-out machine and consisting mostly of bough, bits of broken straw and some root ends. Conabings - The term usually applied to the short straw rejected by a de-seeding machine. De-seeding - The operation of removing the seed bolls or capsules from the flax crop. De-seeding Machine - A machine fitted with a comb or combs and a conveyor system for combing off the bolls mechanically or with rollers for crushing the bolls and thus releasing the seed. The latter machine is known as a Dutch roll. Ripples, or Ripple Comb - A large iron comb used for de-seeding flax crop by hand. Roughing-out Machine - A machine for roughly separating the seed from the chaff, short straw, weeds and other extraneous material produced during de-seeding. Screenings - Broken flax seed or flat flax seed unsuitable for sowing, but suitable for selling for stock feed. Seed Cleaner, or Dresser - A machine for finally cleaning the seed to the required purity for sowing. Straw, De-seeded - Flax crop from which the seed capsules have been removed. Usually about 70 per cent of the crop weight. Straw, Tow - Flax straw in a tossed and broken condition. The term is sometimes applied to the short straws combed out by a de-seeding machine, but usually to the straw resulting from the threshing a flax crop too poor for normal processing.

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Flax, Broken - Scutched flax which is less than 20-in. long and therefore unfit for hackling in the spinning mill. Flax, C.D. and T. - Graders' marks which denote the type of scutched flax: c (chaine) to represent warps, D (demi) to represent medium warps, and T (trame) to represent wefts. Flax, Green, or Natural - Scutched flax produced from de-seeded straw without any intermediate treatment such as retting. Flax, Line - The hackled flax produced by a hackling machine or hand hackling. A term sometimes erroneously applied to scutched flax. Flax, Retted - Scutched flax produced from straw which has been retted. Usually divided into three main classes, namely, water retted flax, dew retted flax, and chemically retted flax. Flax, Scutched - The product from the delivery end of a scutching machine or from scutching flax straw on a wheel. It consists of the long fibre strands in a parallel condition and substantially free from wood and other extraneous material. The yield of scutched flax is commonly expressed as stones (14-lb.) per acre, but in Ireland it is sometimes expressed as stones per peck of seed sown. The average yield per acre of scutched flax has varied according to year from about 20 stones per acre to 40 stones per acre, with occasional exceptional yields of 80 and 90 stones per acre. Grader, Flax - The man who places the scutched flaxes in their appropriate grades of quality by eye judgment and feel. Grades, Flax - Tank retted flaxes are graded from A through the alphabet in ascending order of value. Dam retted flaxes are graded from 1-7 in descending order of value. Dew retted flaxes are graded 0-6 in descending order of value. Grades, Tow - Green tow is graded 1-8 and then 9a, 9b, Z, Z₂, and beater tow in descending order of value. Tank retted tow is graded I, II, III, 1, 2, 3, 3X, 3XXX, in descending order, whilst dam and dew retted tows are I, II, II, 1, 2, 3. Pluckings - The short, clean fibre produced at the end of the scutching machine where the operatives dress and square the pieces of flax ready for selection. In grading pluckings are classed as tow (q.v.). Root Ends, Straw - The broken-off roots which fall from the straw under the breaking rollers. Rug, Scutching - All the detritus which falls below the two compartments of the scutching machine after the shives have been shaken out of it, or the waste made when producing scutched flax on a wheel. It consists of partly scutched short straws, broken straws, weeds, and beater tow. It is classed as root end rug or top end rug, according to which end of the flax it comes from. Selection - The preliminary sorting of the scutched flax into main grades at the delivery end of the scutching machine. Shives - The short pieces of woody waste beaten from the straw during scutching. Tow - Any substantially clean but tossed and tangled flax fibre of less than scutched flax length. Tow Baling - The operation of making-up tow into bales. Tow, Beater - Short, fine, clean fibres which fall from the last third of the compartments during scutching. Tow, Inferior low grade (Green) - Green tow of a grade lower than 9a. Tow, Inferior low grade (Retted) - Retted tow of a grade lower than 3XXX. Tow, Machine, or Cast - Tow produced by the hackling machine. Tow, Rejected - Tow unsuitable for spinning on flax tow machinery. Tow, Rescutched - Two scutched on tow handles or a tow scutching machine. Tow, Rolled - The product from passing scutching rug through tow rollers and highspeed shaker. Tow, Rolled and Beaten - The product from passing scutching rug through tow rollers and beaters, and a high-speed shaker. The principal flax markets of the world are at Courtrai, Bruges, Ghent, Lokeren and Zele in Belgium; Rotterdam in Holland; Riga in Latvia; Leningrad, Pernau and Witebek in Russia; Douai and Flines in France; Newry, Rathfriland, Strabane, Ballymoney, Lisnaskea, Ballybay and Armagh in Ireland. Courtrai flax is the finest produced. It is uniform in fibre, strong, clean and of a good colour. Yarns up to 200's lea are spun from it. Irish flax comes next in spinning qualities from 90's to 120's lea are produced. As a warp yarn it is much preferred as the strength is greater than other types. Flemish flax is dark in colour, dryer than others, strong, and can be spun up to 120's lea. Dutch flax is clean, good colour and spins into yams up to 90's lea. Russian flax is coarser than the above types and is usually spun up to about 70's lea.

Tow Rollers Tow Rollers and Beaters - A set of tow rollers fitted with intermediate beater blades. Tow Scutching Machine - A machine specially designed for scutching rug into tow. Tow Shaker, High Speed - A machine with rapidly vibrating steel pins for shaking out tow after the tow rollers, or tow scutching machine. Tow Shaker, Slow Speed - A machine for shaking out shives from scutching rug. Tow Wheels, or Handles - A form of scutching wheel specially set for scutching rug into tow.

Bart - See sheigh, etc. Beet - A bundle or sheaf of tied flax crop or straw. Boll, Flax in - The growing flax when the seed capsules have formed. Braird (n. or v.) - Flax in the seedling stage. To germinate in the field. Butt (v.) - To level the root ends of straw at any stage by vibrating it upright on a flat surface either by hand or mechanically. Crop, Flax - Flax at any stage before it is processed. A fair average flax crop would be 2 tons per acre of air dried crop, yielding 10 per cent of clean seed and 10 per cent of scutched flax. But it should be remembered that the actual long fibre content of the straw averages 20 per cent. D.N.O.C. - A proprietary spraying mixture used as a weedicide on flax. Drill, Flax - A sowing machine made primarily for sowing flax in narrow rows at an appropriate rate. Fiddle - A sowing box with a hand-worked distributor for sowing flax and other seeds broadcast. Frandy - See Sheigh, etc. Gait - A large handful of loose, pulled flax stood up on end in a cone form to dry. See also Retting. Grades - Under the Ministry of Supply home flax scheme, flax crop is graded 1, 1X, 2, 2X, 3, 3X, or for seed and tow only in descending order of quality. Lodge - A lodged crop is one bent or laid flat by the weather. Pulling - The operation of harvesting flax by pulling it from the ground. It may be hand pulled or machine pulled. Pulling Machine - Any type of harvesting machine which pulls flax by mechanical means and delivers it either loose or tied in beets (q.v.). Sheigh, Frandy, Bart, Windrow - Local names for forms of compound stocks where a number of beets are built up and usually roughly thatched as an intermediate stage between stooking and stacking. Shock, or Stook - To set up a number (usually six a side) of beets in inverted ??? form to dry. Stook - See Shock or Stook. Weeds - The chief weeds in flax and their local names are: Charlock, Carlick or Preshaugh (Brassica Sinapis); Wild Radish, White Charlock, or White Carlick (Raphanus Raphanistrum); Poppy or Redweed (Papaver Rhoeas); Knotweed, Knotgrass, or Crabgrass (Poly-gonum aviculare); Good King Henry or Fathen (Chenopodium sp.); Persicaria or Redshank ( Polygonum Persicaria); Bine or Bindweed (Convolvulus sp. or Polygonum Convolvulus.) Windrow - See sheigh, etc.

Wet spinning produces the finest flax yarns. Normally, flax fibres contain glutinous matter that holds the fibres together in groups. To overcome this difficulty the roving is passed through a trough on the spinning frame containing hot water (180 deg. F.). This process softens the gum and allows the fibres to be drawn apart over each other, thus producing finer and more even yams. Dry Flax Spinning - Usually flax is only spun dry when it is desired to produce strong coarse yarns, or bulky tow yarn for weft or uses where unevenness is not considered a detriment.

1. очёсы, очёски; кудель; 2. буксирный канат; 3. жгут волокна @tow of filaments жгут элементарного волокна @tow of head ends кудель от прочёса головок стеблей, вершинная кудель @tow of root ends кудель от прочёса комлевых концов, комлевая кудель @tow of staple штапельная лента @carded tow прочёсанная кудель @crimped tow жгут извитого волокна (для штапелирования) @fine tow очёсы длинноволокнистого льна (высшего качества) @flax tow льняные очёсы; льняная кудель @flax beaten tow короткое льняное волокно; трёпаная кудель @flax cast tow льняные очёсы @flax rejected tow пакля (волокно, непригодное для прядения) @flax rescutched tow дважды трёпанная кудель @flax rolled tow короткое льняное волокно (с куделеприготовительной машины); кудель @flax rolled and beaten tow трёпаное короткое льняное волокно; трёпаная кудель, пропущенная через трясилку @greased tow эмульгированные или замасленные очёсы лубяных волокон @hackling tow льняные очёсы @heavy tow жгут высокого титра @hemp tow пеньковая пакля @jute tow джутовая пакля @machine tow очёсы с льночесальной машины @rayon tow 1. жгут искусственного шёлка (для штапелирования); 2. штапельная лента @rescutched tow дважды трёпанная кудель @rug tow грубая льняная кудель (с первого трепала) @scutched flax tow трёпаная льняная кудель @scutching tow кудель с трепальной машины @swing tow 1. кудель с трепальной машины; 2. заводская пакля @swingling tow 1. кудель с трепальной машины; 2. заводская пакля @

1. очёсы, очёски; кудель; 2. буксирный канат; 3. жгут волокна @tow of filaments жгут элементарного волокна @tow of head ends кудель от прочёса головок стеблей, вершинная кудель @tow of root ends кудель от прочёса комлевых концов, комлевая кудель @tow of staple штапельная лента @carded tow прочёсанная кудель @crimped tow жгут извитого волокна (для штапелирования) @fine tow очёсы длинноволокнистого льна (высшего качества) @flax tow льняные очёсы; льняная кудель @flax beaten tow короткое льняное волокно; трёпаная кудель @flax cast tow льняные очёсы @flax rejected tow пакля (волокно, непригодное для прядения) @flax rescutched tow дважды трёпанная кудель @flax rolled tow короткое льняное волокно (с куделеприготовительной машины); кудель @flax rolled and beaten tow трёпаное короткое льняное волокно; трёпаная кудель, пропущенная через трясилку @greased tow эмульгированные или замасленные очёсы лубяных волокон @hackling tow льняные очёсы @heavy tow жгут высокого титра @hemp tow пеньковая пакля @jute tow джутовая пакля @machine tow очёсы с льночесальной машины @rayon tow 1. жгут искусственного шёлка (для штапелирования); 2. штапельная лента @rescutched tow дважды трёпанная кудель @rug tow грубая льняная кудель (с первого трепала) @scutched flax tow трёпаная льняная кудель @scutching tow кудель с трепальной машины @swing tow 1. кудель с трепальной машины; 2. заводская пакля @swingling tow 1. кудель с трепальной машины; 2. заводская пакля @

tow-dyed

tow hook

tow net

tow strap

tow vehicle

tow astern

очесочное [оческовое] прядение